THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ESCAPE FROM SCHUBIN

Skinny, gaunt twenty-five-year-old William "Bill" Ash from Dallas, Texas, strolled up to the wooden shed that housed the prisoner-of-war camp's communal latrine block — the Abort, the Germans called it. A fellow POW lounging against the wall by the door gave Ash a nod. This guy was a "stooge," standing lookout, and the nod indicated the "all clear." With that knowledge, Ash passed through the doorway into the Abort building.

It was Wednesday, March 3, 1943, a bleak winter's day. And this toilet block was the main ablutions facility in the Wehrmacht's Offizierslager XXI-B prisoner-of-war camp, built on the western outskirts of the town of Schubin, Poland, or Altburgund, as the Nazis had renamed it in 1941. South of the German Baltic city of Danzig (Polish Gdansk) and west of the Polish capital of Warsaw (Warszawa), Schubin lay near the Vistula River bend in the prewar Polish Corridor. Here, the Second World War's largest Anglo-American POW escape to date would soon go forward.

Inside the latrine building, two rows of eighteen boxed-in toilet seats extended down each wall, side by side. The ancient Romans had devised this form of communal lavatory. Just as human plumbing had remained unchanged, nothing much had changed in latrine design in 2,000 years. A relatively comfortable seat, Mother Nature, gravity, and a basic sewage removal system; that's all it took. Every day, from first light, a long line of prisoners snaked away from the Abort entrance, with POWs awaiting their turn to use the toilets. Later in the morning, as now, the Abort was almost empty. Just two toilets, at the far end, were occupied as Ash walked toward them. Both occupants were "kriegies," as POWs called themselves, from Kriegsgefangener — German for prisoner of war. And both kriegies were expecting Ash, or "Tex," as he was known among the British.

The two men rose up. Turning to the last toilet on the left, the previous occupant reached down and lifted the round wooden seat away, revealing an opening just large enough for a man to squeeze down through. As the trio looked down into the bowels of the latrine, the revolting stink of human waste wafted up from below, hitting them in the face and filling their nostrils. It was enough to make the eyes water, the head spin, and the stomach heave. After three months of working in this gross environment, Bill Ash was still not immune to the smell. Nonetheless, in wartime, a desperate man will do things he would never even contemplate in peacetime. There was only one plus — this same revolting stink was enough to repel their German guards and disguise one of history's most disgustingly brilliant escape schemes.

With his hands on the wooden surround, Ash lifted his legs from the ground and eased them down into the hole. Letting go, he slid down through and dropped into a large underground sump, splashing into a concrete channel that carried urine and feces to an exit hole in the brick wall. Via that hole, the excrement fell into a massive sewage pit beside the sump.

With a grunt, another of the POWs dropped down to join Ash. Above, the third man replaced the toilet seat. Through the dirty window in the far wall, the stay-behind could see a POW in a brown greatcoat standing, hands deep in pockets, beside the recreation ground outside the Abort, watching others kicking a soccer ball around. If that man in the greatcoat blew his nose, the stooge in the Abort knew to warn those below that a "goon," or guard, was approaching, and all work below would cease until the goon had gone. The man in the Abort would remain on watch until the underground shift ended.

Bill Ash's companion in the sump was long-faced Quebec native Eddy Asselin. Just twenty-one, Asselin, like Ash, was painfully thin from a lack of nutritious food. The previous April, at Warburg, Asselin had been one of five men to successfully tunnel out of Oflag 6-B. All had been recaptured, with Asselin out only a few days before being caught. This time, he'd vowed, his preparations would be painstaking, and he would make a "home run" to England. The tunnel they were digging from the Abort had been code-named Asselin, after the Canadian, because this ingenious escape bid had been his idea. Participants in the escape had several nicknames for his tunnel, including Eddy's Exit and the SHJ (Shit House Job).

Ash and Asselin were two of three North Americans participating in the escape. The third was Johnny Dodge, a forty-six-year-old major from New York City and a cousin by marriage of Britain's prime minister, Winston Churchill. Most of the rest of the members of X Organization, the compound's Royal Air Force escape fraternity, were British, or from Britain's former colonies around the globe. Others were Irish, Polish, Danish, Czech. One was a German-born Jew who had changed his name to Stevens. Most had flown with the RAF. Ash and Asselin had trained with the Royal Canadian Air Force before piloting Spitfire fighters for the RAF and being shot down in combat. Since the previous October, there had also been United States Army Air Force prisoners in the camp, although they tended to keep to themselves and had little to do with Ash, Asselin and the other X Organization operatives.

Asselin now joined Ash in sliding aside a wooden cover disguising an opening burrowed into the back of the sump's brick wall. Clambering through to a chamber dug from the earth on the other side, the pair carefully replaced the dummy wall behind them. This was in case an inquisitive German plucked up the gumption to stick his head, and a flashlight, down a toilet and inspect the sump below.

Close friends Ash and Asselin were now in a cavern they'd helped hollow from the earth beside the stinking sump. In candlelight, they joined three other waiting POWs of their team who were hunched in the cramped space and began to strip down to their long johns. Including the three stooges on watch above, their group numbered eight men. This was the digging team, the first crew of the day. One man was already seated at a bellows made from old leather kit bags, ready to repeatedly push a wooden handle in and out to pump air into a low tunnel that disappeared to the west. The other three would remain at the tunnel entrance to retrieve the soil the day's dig produced and to be ready to dive into the tunnel and dig out comrades caught in a cave-in.

After their shift, the digging team would be followed by the eight-man dispersal team, which would dispose of the earth produced by the digging team, filling seven-pound jam tins and emptying them into the vast sewage pit. One POW had the unenviable job of reaching into the pit with a broom handle and stirring the earth into the lake of urine and feces. Once a week, the contents of the pit, including soil from the tunnel, were hand-pumped into a horse-drawn "honey wagon" and removed from the camp.

The honey wagon's Polish driver, Franciszek Lewandowski, was a local pig farmer who'd won the sewage removal contract from the German authorities. He used the waste as fertilizer on his farm. Just as Lewandowski was about to complain that his sewage was being adulterated by soil, a leading X Organization member had whispered in his ear and let him in on the kriegies' secret.

That X Organization representative was Józef Bryks, a live-wire young Czech who had enlisted in the RAF under the name Joe Ricks. He was one of the four tunnelers who had made the Warburg break with Eddy Asselin in 1942. Bryks' information had brought a smile to the face of the honey wagon driver. Not only did Lewandowski keep his mouth shut and cart away the soil from the tunnel, he developed a firm friendship with Bryks that was soon to pay even greater dividends for Schubin's POWs.

The third Asselin tunnel team of the day would be made up of the "engineers," men who went into the tunnel to repair and shore up the walls and ceiling in the wake of the diggers' progress, and to extend the air pipe beneath the tunnel floor, ready for the next day's digging team. That air pipe was made from used Klim powdered milk cans from Red Cross parcels, fitted end to end — the catchy brand name Klim was "milk" backward. The air now being pushed to the tunnel face by the pump came from the sump and was thick and putrid. But it contained enough oxygen to keep men in the tunnel alive.

As the pump began to wheeze, Bill Ash entered the darkened tunnel. At its deepest, it sank to seventeen feet below ground to avoid German seismic detectors buried around the camp to pick up the sounds of digging. The tunnel was two feet six inches high and the same across. Coffin-size. These dimensions were dictated by the length of three-foot bed boards taken from camp barracks to shore up tunnel walls and ceiling. Ash had personally donated every single bed board from his bunk, replacing them with a lattice of string that was concealed from prowling guards' eyes by his mattress.

On elbows and knees, pushing a flickering homemade candle ahead of him, Ash slowly worked his way along the earthen tunnel floor. The candle consisted of a bootlace wick floating in margarine in a sardine tin. It, too, stank to high heaven. Every few yards, Ash stopped to light more candles sitting on small wall ledges. Asselin came close behind, trailing a length of rope after him. All the while, the ears of the pair were pricked for sounds of moving earth above their heads that would herald an impending cave-in. This fragile tunnel, source of so much hope, was also a catalyst for nightmares in which tunnelers were buried alive.

"Each trip down it required a little more courage," Ash would later say.

Once they'd crawled to a small halfway chamber, seventy-five feet into the tunnel, Asselin halted. Ash kept going, playing out another length of rope as he went. From beginning to end, it took half an hour to crawl to the tunnel face, which was now 150 feet from the entrance. According to escapers' calculations, the tunnel, growing at a rate of two to three feet a day, had passed beneath the pair of high barbed wire fences that surrounded the camp. After that, the tunnel had begun to angle gently upward, and, several days earlier, had arrived directly beneath their target, an irrigation ditch in a potato patch outside the wire. The last few shifts had been digging vertically, aiming for the surface.

A wall of earth and brown and yellow clay loomed up in front of Ash. A scoop fashioned from a Klim can lay waiting, along with a large cloth bag, left by the last digging crew. Taking up the scoop, Ash pulled himself to a standing position inside the shaft that rose up toward the potato patch. With his candle to one side, he began to hack into the earth above his head, allowing the material he freed to fall to the shaft's floor. After digging for a while, Ash dropped to his knees and pushed the dislodged material into the bag. Once he'd filled the bag, he tied it to the end of the rope he'd run out behind him, then sharply tugged the rope twice.

From the halfway chamber came an answering pair of tugs before the bag began to trail off into the gloom as Asselin hauled it in. When Asselin had the bag, he attached it to the rope he'd played out from the entrance. Giving that rope two tugs, he received a reply, and the bag slid away toward the entrance. Later, a man from the entrance cavern would crawl to Asselin with the end of the rope, then back out again, and Asselin would similarly deliver the end of his rope to digger Ash.

This slow, laborious method of earth removal was not as sophisticated as the system of railroad tracks and trolleys that would be employed in the famous Great Escape tunnels at Stalag Luft 3 outside Sagan a year later. But, in virtually every other way, methods employed in that later escape were pioneered here at Schubin, below ground and above.

In preparation for the breakout, a team of POW tailors under John Paget was secretly creating civilian clothes for escapees. This X Organization department was code-named Gieves, after Gieves Limited of Old Bond Street in London, England's most famous military tailors, who had made the uniforms of the Duke of Wellington, Admiral Nelson and Winston Churchill. The team preparing and dying the cloth for the tailors, using blankets and old uniforms, was Pullers of Perth, named for a Scottish dry-cleaning business. A team tasked with creating high-energy escape food high in fat and sugar was Lyons, named for England's omnipresent Lyons' Corner House tea shops. Gammages, a London department store, gave its name to the supply department. Skilled cartographers making escape maps and forgers under Eric Shaw, who created escape documents, were Cook's Tours, a reference to the noted British travel firm Thomas Cook.

Superconfident Joe Bryks had secured a camera so that Cook's Tours could take essential ID photos of escapers for use on their forged identity papers. The path to that camera had been a dangerous one, for Bryks and others. First, Bryks had wangled his way onto a detail occasionally taken under armed escort to a Schubin produce store at 4 Hermann-Göring-Strasse, owned by German Günther Jeschke. There, the detail purchased a few "luxuries" for the kriegies, using a fund set up from the paltry sums paid to the prisoners by the German government under the Geneva Convention.

A Polish teenager named Stefania Maludzinska was serving in that produce store, and she soon fell for Joe Bryks' charms. Before long, Stefania was writing to Bryks' parents in Czechoslovakia. Joe hadn't dared write to them using the camp's mail system, as this would have alerted the Germans to his true identity and brought repercussions down on family members. Once this secret correspondence began, Bryks' parents wrote to Stefania, and she smuggled the replies to Bryks when he came into the store.

The cheeky Czech's friends in camp were soon ribbing him about his Polish "girlfriend" beyond the wire, little knowing that he was grooming Stefania for even more hazardous work. After a while, Bryks had taken the risk of confiding to Stefania that he and his comrades were planning an escape from the camp and sought her help. At Bryks' urging, Stefania asked friends working at the town hall to steal Nazi government forms, which she passed on to the Czech for copying by X Organization forgers.

Then came the most fraught task of all. Stefania acquired a small camera and film from Alfons Jachalski, formerly a teacher at the Polish boys' reform school that had occupied the camp's main buildings before the war, who was now forced by the Germans to toil on the roads. The plucky Polish girl arranged for camera and film to be smuggled into the camp by seventeen-year-old Henryk Szalczynski, a Pole who worked in the town's German bakery and delivered the kriegies' black bread ration. Szalczynski also developed the film in the kitchen and basement of his parents' tiny apartment. "Mug shots" of escapers found their way back into the camp in bread deliveries and were affixed to forged identity papers by Cook's Tours. Stefania and her helpers Jachalski and Szalczynski would have been executed had their activities been discovered by the Nazis.

Meanwhile, X Organization's security team watched over all escape activities. With the weather improving and the frozen ground thawing, seven tunnels were now being burrowed by industrious inmates. These were all team digs, as opposed to earlier solo efforts such as a tunnel dug from the vegetable garden by Tom Calnan that had collapsed onto him. Guards watched, amused, as Calnan was hauled free by comrades. He was promptly marched off to the "Cooler," the oflag's solitary confinement cellblock, which at Oflag XXI-B was behind the guard barrack, across the street from the camp. The Germans subsequently made the garden where Calnan had been tunneling off-limits to prisoners.

Now, apart from Asselin, one tunnel headed south from the senior officers' quarters. From Block 1, another headed north. Two tunnels also went north from beneath a stone washbasin and a wastewater trough in the Block 3 and 4 washhouses. Another had been started in the chapel, behind the altar. Work had also recently recommenced on a tunnel dug south from the cookhouse, which, because of groundwater flooding, had been abandoned beneath the Russian compound. Now dried out, it was the most advanced dig after Asselin.

Asselin was X Organization's gem. Not only had it gone the farthest, it stood the best chance of avoiding detection. Its starting place, the reeking communal latrine, was the last place the Germans could be expected to look for an escape tunnel entrance. Not even the Germans believed that men could be so desperate to escape that they would immerse themselves in human waste for months on end.

As Ash hacked away at the roof of the tunnel's exit shaft, he had time to think, and to wonder why he was doing this, digging in this wretched hole in the ground, breathing the foul air, and reeking of crap. Better still, what had led an American to join the Canadian air force and fly Spitfires for the British, only to be shot down by the Germans over France? Ash could only put it down to idealism mixed with a yearning for adventure. Besides, he was compulsive by nature, a jump-in-and-ask-questions-later kind of guy. It would also transpire that he was a compulsive escaper, someone who couldn't bear being cooped up for long. Some of his numerous escape attempts had been spur-of-the-moment affairs and were ill conceived.